(Updated: Apr 22, 2018)
In a previous article nosotros discussed the Washington-Moscow Hotline, beingness the most famous bilateral hotline. It was presently followed past times straight communication links betwixt a number of other countries amongst nuclear capabilities.
In full general these hotlines started equally a teletype connection, beingness upgraded amongst facsimile units inwards the eighties in addition to were eventually turned into dedicated secure figurer networks. An exception is the hotline betwixt Washington in addition to London, which was a telephone business already since 1943.
Overview of the top bird bilateral hotlines worldwide
(Click to enlarge)
The hotlines betwixt the heads of governments, are meant to forestall (nuclear) state of war inwards times of severe crisis. For preventing misunderstandings in addition to miscommunications inwards less critical situations, countries accept likewise fix lower bird telephone hotlines betwixt their defence or unusual ministers. For example, the USA has in addition to hence called Defense Telephone Links amongst at to the lowest degree 23 other states.
Overview of the lower bird bilateral hotlines worldwide
reflecting political in addition to armed services relationships betwixt countries
(Click to enlarge)
UNITED STATES - RUSSIA
- In 1963 the USA in addition to the Soviet Union established the Direct Communications Link (DCL) or Washington-Moscow Hotline. This highly secured connectedness originally used teletype machines, which were replaced past times facsimile units inwards 1988 in addition to is using email since 2008.
- In 1990 both countries agreed to constitute a direct, secure telephone link betwixt Washington in addition to Moscow. This mightiness hold upward the Direct Voice Link (DVL), which is maintained past times the White House Communications Agency.
Between the U.S. of A. in addition to Russian Federation at that spot are likewise the next lower bird communication links:
- In 1988 the Nuclear Risk Reduction Center (NRRC) was established at the U.S. of A. Department of State, which is used to central information inwards back upward of arms command treaties. After the split-up of the Soviet Union this secure information central connection, called Government-to-Government Communication Link (GGCL), was extended to Ukraine, Belarus, in addition to Kazakhstan. Since 2013, the NRRC likewise maintains a communications link amongst Russian Federation for the central of information almost cybersecurity risks.
- In 2000 the U.S. of A. in addition to Russian Federation signed an agreement for the establishement of a Joint Data Exchange Center (JDEC) to part early on alert information on missile in addition to infinite launches to cut down the peril that a examine launch could hold upward misread equally a missile attack. It's non clear whether this centre has already been realized or not.
Besides these bilateral hotlines amongst Russia, the USA likewise has the next lower bird communication links amongst other nations:
- There is a secure telephone business called Foreign Affairs Link (FAL) betwixt the U.S. of A. Department of State in addition to Russian Federation (since 1999), Japan, Mexico, Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany in addition to Israel.
- There is a Defense Telephone Link (DTL) betwixt the U.S. of A. Department of Defense in addition to Russian Federation (since 1994), Cathay (since 2008), Albania, Oman, Qatar, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Kuwait, Estonia, Slovakia, Kazakhstan, Macedonia, Bahrain, State of Israel (since 1996), United Arab Emirates, Poland, Romania, Czechia in addition to Austria.
- In September 2011, the USA proposed opening a straight armed services hotline amongst Islamic Republic of Iran to avoid a possible conflict erupting over the Iranian nuclear program. Tehran declined the offer.
- In 2013, a straight secure vocalization business was established betwixt the U.S. of A. Cybersecurity Coordinator in addition to the deputy secretarial assistant of the Russian Security Council inwards lodge to contend crisis situations arising from cybersecurity incidents.
UNITED STATES - UNITED KINGDOM
- During World War II, 2 decades earlier the hotline Washington-Moscow was established, at that spot was a hotline betwixt the Cabinet War Room bunker nether Downing Street in addition to the White House inwards Washington. From 1943-1946 this link was made secure past times using the rattling offset vocalization encryption machine, called SIGSALY. In the 1950s in addition to 1960s the Washington-London hotline was secured past times the KY-9, belike succeeded past times the KY-3 vocalization encryption devices. In the 1980s, the STU-I scheme was used, to hold upward replaced past times a modest version of the IST ruby-red phone.
UNITED STATES - GERMANY
- In 1962, a hotline was established betwixt the White House in addition to the German linguistic communication chancellor's office. Initially, this was non-secure, criterion telephone line. In 1969 it was belike replaced past times a secure teletype link in addition to since the belatedly 1970s it consisted of secure STU-I telephone sets. Somewhere inwards the 1990s these were replaced past times a modest version of the IST ruby-red phone.
UNITED STATES - SPAIN
- The Castilian prime number government minister José Maria Aznar (1996-2004) was in addition to hence ofttimes inwards contact amongst U.S. of A. president George W. Bush, that a particular telephone business was installed inwards his role inwards the Moncloa palace, alone for telephone calls to the White House. One of those telephone calls was simply earlier the state of war inwards Republic of Iraq in addition to both leaders likewise talked almost developments inwards South America.*
UNITED STATES - CHINA
- On Apr 29, 1998 the USA in addition to Cathay signed an understanding to fix a straight telephone link betwixt the presidents of both countries.
- On Feb 29, 2008 both countries agreed to fix a Defense Telephone Link (DTL) betwixt the U.S. of A. Department of Defense in addition to China’s Ministry of National Defense, which became operational inwards Apr 2008. Until 2011 this hotline was used only four times.
UNITED STATES - INDIA
- During a see of U.S. of A. president Obama to Bharat inwards Jan 2015, it was decided to fix a secure hotline betwixt the White House in addition to the Indian prime number minister. The link became operational inwards August 2015 in addition to was said to hold upward established amongst the assist of the U.S. of A. military.
RUSSIA - CHINA
- Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 hotline connectedness betwixt Moscow in addition to Bejing was used during the 1969 frontier confrontation betwixt the 2 countries. The Chinese soundless refused the Russian peace attempts, in addition to informed Moscow that the straight communications link "was no longer "advantageous" in addition to normal diplomatic channels would suffice". After a reconciliation betwixt the one-time enemies, the hotline betwixt Cathay in addition to Russian Federation was revived inwards 1996.* It's non clear whether this hotline is for tape or vocalization communications.
- Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 telephone hotline betwixt the defence ministries of Russian Federation in addition to Cathay became operational on March 14, 2008.
RUSSIA - NORTH KOREA
- Apparently at that spot was a facsimile-hotline betwixt Moscow in addition to Pyongyang, which was used inwards 1968, when Democratic People's Republic of Korea captured the American spy send USS Pueblo.*
RUSSIA - FRANCE
- Since 1966 at that spot was a straight teletype connectedness betwixt the French president in addition to the Kremlin. In 1989 the teletype equipment was replaced past times high speed facsimile units.*
RUSSIA - UNITED KINGDOM
- Since 1967 at that spot was a straight teletype connectedness betwixt the British prime number government minister in addition to the Kremlin. In 2011 this hotline was upgraded to a better-encrypted telephone link.
RUSSIA - GERMANY
- In 1989 a facsimile connectedness was established betwixt the West-German upper-case alphabetic quality Bonn in addition to Moscow.* The Soviet Union likewise had a hotline amongst Erich Honecker equally leader of the one-time East-German Republic (DDR). During a brusque catamenia earlier East in addition to West Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany were united inwards 1991, at that spot was a hotline betwixt Honecker in addition to the West-German Bundeskanzler Helmut Kohl.*
ISRAEL - EGYPT
- In 2009 Israeli prime number government minister Ehud Olmert in addition to Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak agreed to transcend on relevant intelligence information similar a shot using a hotline, primarily to combat smuggling from Sinai into the Gaza Strip.
INDIA - PAKISTAN
- After the 1971 state of war betwixt Bharat in addition to Pakistan, a secure communications link betwixt the Prime Minister Secretariat inwards Islamabad in addition to the Secretariat Building inwards New Delhi was established, but it was seldom used until the 1990s.
- In 2004, both countries agreed to fix an additional secure hotline betwixt their unusual ministers, aimed at preventing nuclear risks.
- In 2011, Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan agreed to set up a 24/7 non-encrypted hotline betwixt their interior ministers, that volition facilitate real-time information sharing on terrorist threats.
INDIA - CHINA
- Since 2005 there's a non-encrypted hotline betwixt the unusual ministers of Bharat in addition to Cathay for edifice "mutual political trust".
- In 2009 both countries signed inwards Apr 2010.
INDIA - RUSSIA
- There's likewise a non-encrypted hotline betwixt Delhi in addition to Moscow, which was established earlier 2009.
SOUTH KOREA - NORTH KOREA
- Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 offset telephone hotline betwixt North in addition to Republic of Korea became operational on September 22, 1971. Many low-level telephone lines betwixt both countries followed, until at that spot were 33 lines through Pamnumjom in addition to fifteen lines exterior that edge town. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 top-level telephone hotline betwixt the presidents of North in addition to Republic of Korea was established on Apr 20, 2018, inwards training of a summit betwixt both leaders.
CHINA - SOUTH KOREA
- In September 2012, Cathay in addition to Republic of Korea agreed to set up a consular hotline betwixt their defence ministries to protect rights of their citizens who are staying inwards the other country. In Apr 2013 both countries agreed to fix a second, 24-hour hotline to bargain amongst the ascent tension over North Korea.
CHINA - VIETNAM
- In June 2013, Cathay in addition to Vietnam agreed to fix a naval hotline betwixt their defence departments, inwards lodge to popular off on a peaceful in addition to secure maritime environs inwards the South Cathay Sea, amidst escalating maritime tensions over disputed South Cathay Sea islands.
In 2010, Cathay in addition to Nihon agreed to constitute a hotline betwixt their political leaders, next a serial of naval incidents, but the excogitation wasn't realized. Defence officials of the 2 countries likewise agreed inwards 2011 to fix a military-to-military hotline past times the destination of 2012, but the talks stalled due to heightened tensions over the territorial row. In Feb 2013, Nihon over again suggested to constitute a China-Japan hotline, in addition to reiterated this i time over again inwards Jan 2014.
In September 2016, Cathay in addition to the Southeast Asian countries decided to fix hotlines in addition to adopt communications protocols to avoid potential naval clashes inwards the disputed waters of the South Cathay Sea.
When to a greater extent than information almost these hotlines becomes available, it volition hold upward added here. Some of the most notable bilateral hotlines volition hold upward discussed afterward on this weblog.
Links in addition to Sources (PDF)
- National Communications System, Forty Years of Service to the Nation: 1963-2003, 2003
- Haraldur Þór Egilsson, The Origins, Use in addition to Development of Hot Line Diplomacy, Institute Clingendael, 2003
- U.S. of A. Department of State, Bureau of Information Resource Management (IRM), 2011
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